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| Parthian Empire | Ancient land corresponding roughly to the modern region of Khorāsān in Iran. The term is also used in reference to the Parthian empire (247 BC–ad 224). The first certain occurrence of the name is as Parthava in the Bīsitūn inscription (c. 520 BC)...
Achaemenid Empire on the Egypt
the Persian 27th dynasty of Egypt (525–404 BC), founded by Cambyses II of Persia and named after his family of the Achaemenids. The policy of the Achaemenid kings seems to have been conciliatory to national beliefs and sentiments. There are conflicting views of...
The Scythian
Centered on what is now the Crimea, the Scythians founded a rich, powerful empire that survived for several centuries before succumbing to the Sarmatians during the 4th century BC to the 2nd century AD. Much of what is known of the history of the Scythians comes from...
Seleucid Dynasty
(312–64 BC), an ancient empire that at its greatest extent stretched from Thrace in Europe to the border of India. It was carved out of the remains of Alexander the Great’s Macedonian empire by its founder, Seleucus I Nicator. Seleucus, one of Alexander’s leading...
Seljuq Dynasty
ruling military family of the Oğuz (Ghuzz) Turkmen tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire that included Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most of Iran. Their advance marked the beginning of Turkish power in the...
Saffarid Dynasty
Iranian dynasty of lower class origins that ruled a large area in eastern Iran. The dynasty’s founder, Yaʿqūb ebn Leys̄ aṣ-Ṣaffār (“the coppersmith”), took control of his native province, Seistan, around 866. By 869 he had extended his control into northeastern India,...
Sassanid
(Ad 224–651), ancient Iranian dynasty evolved by Ardashīr I in years of conquest, ad 208–224, and destroyed by the Arabs during the years 637–651. The dynasty was named after Sāsān, an ancestor of Ardashīr I. Under the leadership of Ardashīr I (reigned 224–241), the...